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stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M11.017 2.814a1 1 0 0 1 1.966 0l1.051 5.558a2 2 0 0 0 1.594 1.594l5.558 1.051a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.966l-5.558 1.051a2 2 0 0 0-1.594 1.594l-1.051 5.558a1 1 0 0 1-1.966 0l-1.051-5.558a2 2 0 0 0-1.594-1.594l-5.558-1.051a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.966l5.558-1.051a2 2 0 0 0 1.594-1.594zM20 2v4m2-2h-4\"\u002F>\u003Ccircle cx=\"4\" cy=\"20\" r=\"2\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":44},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M21.42 10.922a1 1 0 0 0-.019-1.838L12.83 5.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 9.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.832l8.57 3.908a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0zM22 10v6\"\u002F>\u003Cpath d=\"M6 12.5V16a6 3 0 0 0 12 0v-3.5\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>","\u003Cblockquote>\n\u003Cp>"用 MD5 加密密码"这句话里有两个错：MD5 不是加密、而且它不该用来存密码。哈希、加盐、口令哈希常被混为一谈，但它们解决的是完全不同的问题。理清这三层，才能判断什么场景该用哪种，以及为什么校验文件和存密码要用截然相反的算法。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003C\u002Fblockquote>\n\u003Cp>\u003Cimg src=\"\u002Fblog\u002Fhash-salt-password-hashing\u002Fcover.webp\" alt=\"哈希单向、加盐、慢口令哈希的区别\">\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>哈希不是加密，先分清这点\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>哈希（hash）是\u003Cstrong>单向\u003C\u002Fstrong>的：把任意输入压成固定长度的指纹，无法从指纹反推原文。加密（encryption）是\u003Cstrong>双向\u003C\u002Fstrong>的：用密钥能加密也能解密。所以"MD5 加密"是个常见误称——MD5 是哈希，没有"解密"一说。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>哈希的两个核心性质决定了它的用途：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>确定性\u003C\u002Fstrong>：同样的输入永远得到同样的输出。这让它能当"指纹"用于校验。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>抗碰撞\u003C\u002Fstrong>：很难找到两个不同输入产生相同哈希。这让指纹难以伪造。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>通用哈希（MD5、SHA-1、SHA-256、SHA-512）还有第三个特点：\u003Cstrong>为速度优化\u003C\u002Fstrong>，算得飞快。这个"快"在文件校验里是优点，在存密码里却是致命伤——下面就分场景看。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>为什么不能用通用哈希存密码？\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>因为通用哈希太快了。结论先说：\u003Cstrong>MD5\u002FSHA-256 这类哈希每秒能在普通硬件上算几十亿次，攻击者拿到哈希后可以高速暴力枚举或查表反推\u003C\u002Fstrong>，尤其对常见弱密码几乎瞬破。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>具体有两种攻击：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>彩虹表（rainbow table）\u003C\u002Fstrong>：预先把海量常见密码的哈希算好存成表，拿到一个哈希直接查表命中。因为哈希是确定性的，\u003Ccode>123456\u003C\u002Fcode> 的 SHA-256 永远是同一个值，一查就中。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>暴力 \u002F 字典枚举\u003C\u002Fstrong>：现代 GPU 每秒能算数十亿次 SHA-256，按字典和规则猛试，弱密码扛不住几秒。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>哈希快，本意是好事，但用来存密码就等于给攻击者送了高速试错的靶子。所以存密码需要反其道而行——故意让哈希变慢。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>加盐：让相同密码不再相同\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>加盐（salt）解决的是\u003Cstrong>"相同密码产生相同哈希"\u003C\u002Fstrong>这个结构性弱点。做法是给每个用户生成一段随机字符串（盐），把"盐 + 密码"一起哈希，并把盐和结果一起存。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>它带来两个直接效果：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>彩虹表失效\u003C\u002Fstrong>：预先算好的表是针对"裸密码"的，加了随机盐后哈希结果完全不同，表里查不到。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>无法一次破多个账户\u003C\u002Fstrong>：每个用户盐不同，即使两人用同一密码，哈希也不同，攻击者只能逐个账户单独破，成本陡增。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>但要注意：\u003Cstrong>加盐只防"批量\u002F查表"攻击，不解决"哈希太快"\u003C\u002Fstrong>。攻击者拿到某个用户的盐和哈希后，仍可以针对这一个账户高速枚举。要堵这个口子，得换算法本身。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>口令哈希：故意做得又慢又吃内存\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>针对"哈希太快"，密码学界设计了专门的\u003Cstrong>口令哈希（password hashing）\u003C\u002Fstrong>算法——bcrypt、scrypt、Argon2。它们的核心思路是\u003Cstrong>故意昂贵\u003C\u002Fstrong>：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>算法\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>关键设计\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>防御重点\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>bcrypt\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>可调"工作因子"，迭代次数指数增长\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>拖慢 CPU 暴力\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>scrypt\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>高内存占用\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>拖垮 GPU\u002FASIC 并行\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>Argon2\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>时间+内存+并行三参数可调\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>综合抗 GPU\u002FASIC，现代首选\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\n\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>它们内置加盐，并允许你调一个"代价参数"：让单次哈希耗时几十到几百毫秒。对正常登录，几百毫秒无感；对攻击者，每秒只能试几千次而非几十亿次，暴力破解的成本被抬高几个数量级。而且随着硬件变快，只要调高代价参数就能持续保持难度。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>那 SHA-256 到底什么时候用？\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>通用哈希没被淘汰，只是\u003Cstrong>用对场景\u003C\u002Fstrong>：它适合"要快、要稳定指纹"的任务，而不是存口令。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>文件完整性校验\u003C\u002Fstrong>：下载完算一遍 SHA-256，和官方公布的值比对，确认没被篡改或传输出错。这里要的就是快和确定性。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>内容寻址 \u002F 去重\u003C\u002Fstrong>：用哈希当数据的唯一标识（如 Git 的对象、CDN 缓存键）。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>数字签名的预处理\u003C\u002Fstrong>：先哈希再签名，缩短待签数据。\u003C\u002Fli>\n\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Cp>这些场景里，对一段文本或文件算一遍 MD5、SHA-1、SHA-256、SHA-512 得到指纹做比对就够了——因为目标是生成稳定指纹，而非抵御针对口令的暴力枚举。这也正是通用哈希"快"的价值所在。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>一张表收束：哪种需求用哪种\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>把三层和场景对齐，选择其实很清晰：\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ctable>\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Cth>需求\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>该用什么\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003Cth>不该用什么\u003C\u002Fth>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Fthead>\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>校验文件没被篡改\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>SHA-256\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>——\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>数据去重\u002F唯一标识\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>SHA-256 等\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>MD5（碰撞已被攻破）\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>存用户密码\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>Argon2 \u002F bcrypt \u002F scrypt + 盐\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>MD5 \u002F SHA-256 裸哈希\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003Ctr>\n\u003Ctd>防彩虹表\u002F批量破解\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>每用户随机盐\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003Ctd>全局固定盐或不加盐\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\n\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cp>判断标准很简单：\u003Cstrong>要快、要指纹 → 通用哈希；要扛暴力枚举 → 口令哈希；要防批量\u002F查表 → 必须每用户加随机盐。\u003C\u002Fstrong> 用错方向（拿快哈希存密码，或拿慢哈希校验大文件）才是真正的问题。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>小结\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>哈希不是加密；通用哈希（MD5\u002FSHA-256）为速度而生，适合文件校验和去重，但正因为快，直接拿来存密码会被彩虹表和 GPU 暴力枚举轻易反推。加盐解决"相同密码同哈希"和批量破解，但不改变"太快"；真正存口令要用 bcrypt\u002Fscrypt\u002FArgon2 这类\u003Cstrong>故意又慢又吃内存\u003C\u002Fstrong>的口令哈希，并可随硬件升级调高代价。一句话：校验文件用 SHA-256，存密码用 Argon2 加盐，别把两者用反。\u003C\u002Fp>\n",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":47},"\u003Cg fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2\">\u003Cpath d=\"M12 20v2m0-20v2m5 16v2m0-20v2M2 12h2m-2 5h2M2 7h2m16 5h2m-2 5h2M20 7h2M7 20v2M7 2v2\"\u002F>\u003Crect width=\"16\" height=\"16\" x=\"4\" y=\"4\" rx=\"2\"\u002F>\u003Crect width=\"8\" height=\"8\" x=\"8\" y=\"8\" rx=\"1\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>",{"left":4,"top":4,"width":5,"height":5,"rotate":4,"vFlip":6,"hFlip":6,"body":49},"\u003Cpath fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" 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